Regulating Act 1773

• First step to control and regulate the affairs to compamy
• Political and administrative functions to company
• Foundation of central administration in India

1. Governer General of Bengal. Executive council of 4 members.Lord Warren Hastings
2. Madras and Bombay presidencies sub-ordinate to Bengal.Earlier they were independent.
3. Supreme court of Calcutta . 1774.  1 CJ + 3 Judges.
4. Servants of company-no private trade,no bribes,no presents-> from natives.
5. Court of directors.Strengthened Govt control over company.Must report revenue,civil& military affairs.

Vedas

• Meaning - “Veda” means wisdom, knowledge or vision, and it manifests the language of the gods in human speech. All the obligatory duties of the Hindus at birth, marriage, death etc
• Origin - Difficult to say when the earliest portions of the Vedas came into existence. 
• Authors- General assumption is that the Vedic hymns were taught by God to the sages 
• Classification- The four Vedas are collectively known as “Chathurveda” which are 

1. The Rig Veda: The Book of Mantra (Hymns,Oldest book in Indo-European language/Sanskrit,Authors-Rishis/Seers)
2. The Sama Veda: The Book of Song ( Reduced version of Rigveda, Melodies / Musical notes form)
3.  The Yajur Veda: The Book of Ritual (Sacrifical arts,Similar to ancient Egypt’s “Book of the Dead”)
4. The Atharva Veda: The Book of Spell (Simpler in language,Diverse than Rigveda, Popular right next to Rigveda,Spells &Charms,Clear picture of Vedic society)

 You can also refer- 
1.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Toyb63DwBpk 
2.http://hinduism.about.com/cs/vedasvedanta/a/aa120103a.htm

Conquest of Bengal

Francois Berner-French Traveller ( Mid 18th Century)
Rice,Indigo,Textiles,Pepper,Sugar,Silk ( Exports)
Murshidabad(Capital of Bengal) > 1756 > Alivardi Khan(Nawab) >Sirajudaulah
Stable Rule  > Administrative measures,Government Income( land revenue,trade),Big zamindars(local aristocracy),Jagath Seth ( Bankers & Financers)
Fortifications by French & English
June 1756> English factory(Kasim Bazaar)/Fort Williams(Calcutta)
Madras council > Robert clive + Admiral Watson > Recaputure territories + support dissatisfied elements
Jan 1757 > Calcutta recaptured > Under guidance of Clive > Major Kilpatrik + Eyre Coote > Treaty of Alinagar ( Restoration of fortification + trade privileges)
Chandernagar recaptured(French settlement) > Admiral Watson + Stringer Lawrence

Mir Zafar/Mir Bakshi/Clive's Jackal ( Conspiracy) > Shaukat Jung,Rai Durlabh,Kadim Khan (Officer),Ghasiti Begum,Manik Chand (Officer in charge of Calcutta),Jagath Seth ( Banker & Financer/Mint),Yar Latif Khan,Raja Balabh ( Son of Krishna Balabh)
Loyal Commanders => Mohan Lal + Mir Madan Khan
Major Kilkpatrik + Robert Clive + Eyre Coote X Nawab + St.Frais > Mir Zafar's son Maran executes Sirajuddaulah> (BOP)Conspiracy & Betrayal> Highlighted> Inefficient administration + No expenses +Conquest by English

1757-60 > Mir Zafar > 24 paraganas > Marks the beginning of Drain of wealth
Mir Zafar + Dutch > Conspiracy allegations > Mir Kasim ( 1760-64) > Burdwan,Midnapore,Chittagong

Administrative Reforms by Kasim > Shifts capital to Munger + new taxes + Military reforms ( regular payments to soldiers,gun factory at Munger)

Raises issues > Misuse of dastaks + ill treatment of Nawab's Officials+Indian merchants goods sold cheaply by force+Loss of Revenue for state

Major Adams ( 1763) > Giria,Udaynala,Munga,Sooty(Series of Battles)
Major Hector Munroe(1764) > Buxar ( Final battle)
Meanwhile,1763-65 > Mir Zafar,1765 onwards -> Najmaddaulah(puppet)>Dy.Subedar by company>Virtual control of law and order
May 1765 > Rovert Clive > Governer General of Bengal
Robert's Focus > Limiting territorial influence of company + Treaty of Allahabad(12th Aug 1765 -Mogul emperor,6th Aug 1765-Shuja-ud-daulah)
Robert's awareness> Company not capable of administration+lacked experience and resources+ Open conquest(conflict with other companies)+Parliament may interfere with company's affairs+Calcutta council more interested in commerce
Robert's Reforms > Regularized postal systems+Society for trade(Monopoly of trade)+Curbed corrupt practices by officials+stopped system of field allowance for military officers

1765-72> Dual system> Dy.Naib Bengal- Mohd Razakhan , Dy.Naib Bihar -Raj Narayan-Later Raja Shitab Ray
Result-Nawab controlled law and order (Ruler in name but shadow in authority) + Officials,Gomastas monopolized trade
Period witnessed drought/famine-> " Navanna" Play > Naveen chandra das
Night of Eternal gloom for India = BOP > Naveen chandra Sen

Deccan

Satavahanas

• Succeded Mauryas in Deccan
• Brahmana rulers
• Gautamiputra Satkarni
• Vashisthiputra Pulimayi : Capital at Paithan
• Started the practice of granting tax free villages to Brahmanas and Buddhists
• Yajna Sri Satkarni
• Chaityas ( Buddhist temples) and Viharas ( monasteries)  were constructed

1. Most famous Chaitya - Karle in Deccan

• Show trace of matrilineal social structure
• Administration

1. Ahara - District
2. Officials - Amatyas or Mahamatras
3. Galmika - Head of a small military regiment and to look after administration in rural areas
4. Three grades of feudatories - Raja,Mahabhoja,Senapathi
5. Language - Prakrit

North-West India

Menander ( Milinda)->most famous Indo-Greek ruler

• Capital at Sakala (Sialkot)
• Converted to Buddhism by Nagasena ( Nagarjuna)

Shakas

• Succeeded Greeks in North west
• Rudradaman I ->Most famous ruler

1. Issued first ever long inscription in chaste Sanskrit

Parthians

• Followed Shakas
• Famous King: Gondophernes

1. St.Thomas came during his reign

Kushans

• Aka Yuechis or Tocharians
• Kadphises ->first king
• Kanishka -> most famous ruler

1. Started the Shaka era in 78 AD
2. Held the Buddhist council in Kashmir where the doctrines of Mahayana form where finalized
3. Patronized Ashvaghosa

• Kushan inscriptions and coins -> Toprak Kala in Khorezm
• Kushanas  -> First rulers to issue gold coins on large scale
• Introduced the Satrap system of government
• They controlled the Silk route
• Worshipped both Shiva and Buddha.Some worshipped Vishnu too
• Kanishka built a large number of Stupas

Greek ambassador Heliodorus set up a piller in honor of Vasudeva near Vidisa.
Appointed governors called Strategos 

Magadhan empire

Balisadhaka- Tax collectors during the times of Nands
Shaulkiki or Shulkadhyakhas were also toll collectors
Shakyas and Lichchhavis were republics

Literature-

" Digha Nikaya " book in " Pali" language was a " Buddhist text"

Territorial States

Indus Valley Civilization

• Discovered in 1921
• Belonged to the bronze age
• An area of about 1.3 million square kilometers
• Existed between 3300 to 1600 BC in three phases -> Early, Mature and Late phase 
• Town planning - Grid system
• Indus peeps - Earliest to produce cotton

Sites

Features

harappa-h-race skeleton,granary
Mohenjodara-mound of dead,great bath

Aryans

Male dominated
Pastoral
Horse was a significant animal
Rig veda - consists of 10 mandalas( books) : Book 1 and 2 are relatively new
Earliest specimen of Indo-European language : 2200 BC inscription in Iran. Later in Hittite inscriptions in Anatolia
1500 BC came to India
Sindhu is the river par excellence for them
Saraswati is the best of rivers in Rig veda
Panchajana - 5 tribes into which aryans were divided
Used ploughshare
Land did not form a well established type of individual property
Metal working was known
Rajan-> King
Samiti,Sabha,Vidatha,Gana -> Tribal assembly

Jainism

24 tirthankaras
1st -> Rishab Dev
23rd -> Parshavnath
Mahavir ( 599 BC to 527 BC ) or ( 540 BC to 468 BC)
Kundagrama near Vaishali
Father- Siddartha ( Jnatrika clan)
Mother - Trishala ( Sister of Lichchhavi chief Chetaka)
Died at Pavapuri near Rajgir
Five doctrines : Dont - steal,lie,acquire property,violent Do-observe brahmacharya
Did not condemn varna system
Triratna : Right Action,Right Faith,Right Knowledge
Spread to Kalinga in 1st century BC -> King Kharavela
Prakrith language and literature in Ardhamagadhi
Grammar of Apabhramsha
Contributed to growth of Kannada

Buddhism

563 to 483 BC -> Lumbini, Kapilavastu, Nepal 
Shakya Family -> Suddhodan and Mahamaya
Death ->Kushingagar (Kasia in Deoria district of UP)

Eight fold path -> To end Misery
1. Right to speech
2. Right to livelihood
3. Right to action
4. Right to memory
5. Right to meditation
6. Right to exercise
7. Right to determination
8. Right to observation

( The above is not in order for beating the memory -> SLAMMED-O )

Dont -> 1. Covet others property
              2. Commit violence
              3. Lie
              4. Use intoxicants
              5. Indulge in corrupt practices

( Beating the memory-> cant lie when drunk but can commit violence to acquire others property which is corrupt practice )

No god or atman exists
Use of pali
Main elements of Buddhism are -> Buddha , Sangha, Dhamma
Brahamana ruler Pashyamitra Shunga persecuted the Buddhists
Mihirakula ( Huna King) killed Buddhists
Buddhist text : Suttanipata

Gandhara art

First human statues worshiped
Barabar hills : Caves for monks

Sources of Indian History From Foreign Authors

Author	Book	Subject
Magasthenes(G)	Indica	Administration,socio-economic conditions Mauryan India
Ptolemy(G)	Geography	Geographical treatise on India in 2nd Century AD
Pliny(G)	Naturakus Historia	Trade relations b/w Rome & India 1 A.D.
Anonymous(G)	Periplus of the Erythrean Sea	Personal voyage of Indian coasts 80 A.D.
Fa-Hien(C)	Record of the Buddhist Countries	Gupta Empire 5 A.D
Hiuen Tsang(C)	Buddhist Records of the Western World	Social, economic and religious conditions of India 5 & 7 A.D.
I-tsing(C)	A record of the Buddhists religion as practised in India and Malay Archipelago.	Gupta period under Sri Gupta 7 A.D.
Hwuili(C)	Life of Hiuen Tsang	Accounts Hiuen Tsang's travel in India.